Rental arbitrage in Scottsdale is one of the most lucrative short-term rental strategies in the entire Southwest — and I’d argue it’s the single best luxury STR market in Arizona right now. You lease a property long-term, furnish it to resort-level standards, and list it on Airbnb or VRBO where nightly rates regularly hit $250-400+ in peak season. Scottsdale’s unique combination of world-class golf courses, the WM Phoenix Open, MLB spring training, and a massive snowbird population creates demand that most hosts underestimate until they see their first January payout.
I’ve watched operators in this market pull $5,000-8,000+ monthly from properties they don’t own. The key? Scottsdale isn’t a budget market. Guests here expect quality, and they’ll pay handsomely for it. That means higher furnishing costs upfront, but dramatically higher returns on the back end. If you’re exploring rental arbitrage as a business model and you’re drawn to premium markets, Scottsdale deserves serious attention.
What Is Rental Arbitrage in Scottsdale?
Rental arbitrage in Scottsdale means leasing a residential property — typically a 2-4 bedroom home, casita, or luxury condo — at a standard long-term rental rate, then furnishing it and operating it as a short-term vacation rental on platforms like Airbnb and VRBO. You pocket the difference between your monthly lease payment and your nightly rental income.
What makes Scottsdale’s market distinct from most cities is the caliber of guest it attracts. This isn’t a college town or budget travel destination. Scottsdale draws:
- Golf tourists — Over 200 golf courses within 30 minutes. TPC Scottsdale alone draws 500,000+ visitors annually
- Spa and wellness travelers — World-renowned resorts like Sanctuary on Camelback and Civana create year-round wellness tourism demand
- WM Phoenix Open crowds — The “Greatest Show on Grass” brings 700,000+ fans over one week in late January/early February, and they need places to stay
- Spring training visitors — 15 MLB teams train in the greater Phoenix/Scottsdale area from mid-February through March
- Snowbirds — Tens of thousands of retirees from the Midwest and Canada descend on Scottsdale from October through April, many preferring STRs over hotels
- Bachelorette parties and group trips — Old Town Scottsdale has become a top nightlife destination, driving weekend group bookings year-round
- Corporate retreaters — Companies increasingly choose Scottsdale for off-site meetings, team retreats, and executive getaways, especially during the mild-weather months
This diverse demand profile means you’re not relying on a single tourist season. You’ve got layered demand drivers running from October through May, with summer bringing its own opportunities through lower-priced but still-bookable “summer escape” stays for those who enjoy desert heat and pool season.
The beauty of Scottsdale arbitrage versus owning property is speed to market. You can be live and taking bookings within 30-45 days of signing a lease — no mortgage qualification, no $400K+ down payment, no property maintenance headaches. And Arizona’s landlord-friendly legal framework makes the entire process smoother than most states.
If you’re comparing this to rental arbitrage in Phoenix, think of Scottsdale as the premium tier. Phoenix has volume and lower rents; Scottsdale has higher ADR, more affluent guests, and stronger brand recognition on Airbnb. Both work. The right choice depends on your budget and growth strategy.
Scottsdale STR Market Overview (2026)
Scottsdale’s short-term rental numbers in 2026 tell a clear story — this is a high-revenue market with legitimate profit margins for arbitrage operators who execute well.
| Metric | Scottsdale (2026) | Phoenix Metro Avg |
|---|---|---|
| Average Daily Rate (ADR) | $275-$425 | $165-$220 |
| Peak Season ADR (Jan-Mar) | $350-$600+ | $200-$300 |
| Annual Occupancy | 62-71% | 58-66% |
| Peak Season Occupancy | 78-92% | 70-82% |
| Annual Revenue (3BR) | $62,000-$95,000+ | $38,000-$55,000 |
| Active Listings | ~5,800 | ~14,200 |
| Revenue Growth YoY | +8-12% | +4-7% |
A few things stand out. First, Scottsdale’s ADR is 60-90% higher than the broader Phoenix metro. That gap is what makes the math work despite higher rents. Second, occupancy stays strong because of the snowbird effect — you’re not dealing with a two-month peak and ten months of vacancy. The “season” in Scottsdale runs roughly six months (October through March), with shoulder months adding meaningful revenue.
Third, the revenue growth trend is real. Scottsdale continues to attract more visitors, more events, and more corporate retreats. The Scottsdale Arts District, Barrett-Jackson Auto Auction (January), and the growing tech conference scene all feed into this upward trajectory. The city reported over 11 million overnight visitors in 2024, and that number keeps climbing.
Fourth, despite having ~5,800 active listings, Scottsdale’s supply-to-demand ratio remains favorable. The barrier to entry — higher rents, HOA navigation, luxury furnishing requirements — naturally limits competition compared to markets where anyone can throw a futon in a studio and list it. Quality operators thrive here precisely because the bar is higher.
For context on how Scottsdale compares nationally, check out our best Airbnb markets for 2026 analysis where we break down the top arbitrage-friendly cities across the country.
Arbitrage Viability Score: Scottsdale’s Rent-to-Revenue Math
Here’s where most people get tripped up with Scottsdale — they see the higher rents and assume the margins don’t work. Let me walk through the actual math, because the numbers tell a different story.
The golden rule of rental arbitrage profitability is your rent-to-revenue ratio. You want your monthly lease payment to be no more than 30-35% of your projected monthly STR revenue. In premium markets like Scottsdale, I’ve seen operators succeed at up to 40% because the absolute dollar profit is still substantial.
Scottsdale Arbitrage Deal Example: 3BR Home in McCormick Ranch
| Line Item | Monthly Amount |
|---|---|
| Monthly Rent | $2,800 |
| Utilities (electric, water, internet, gas) | $420 |
| Cleaning Costs (avg 8 turnovers/mo) | $960 |
| Supplies & Consumables | $180 |
| Insurance (STR-specific) | $150 |
| Software/Subscriptions | $85 |
| Total Monthly Expenses | $4,595 |
| Projected Monthly Revenue (conservative) | $6,800 |
| Projected Monthly Revenue (optimized) | $8,200 |
| Monthly Profit (conservative) | $2,205 |
| Monthly Profit (optimized) | $3,605 |
That’s $26,460 to $43,260 annually from a single property you don’t own. The rent-to-revenue ratio here is 34-41%, which is right in the sweet spot for a luxury market. And notice — the “optimized” number isn’t fantasy. It’s what happens when you implement dynamic pricing, capture the January/February peak, and maintain Superhost status. Our Airbnb pricing strategy guide covers exactly how to extract maximum revenue per night.
Why Higher Rent Doesn’t Kill the Deal
In a budget market, a $1,200/month rental might generate $3,200/month STR revenue — a 37.5% ratio and $2,000 profit. In Scottsdale, a $2,800/month rental generating $7,500/month gives you a 37% ratio and $4,700 before expenses. The percentage is similar, but the absolute profit is more than double. That’s the luxury market advantage — you work roughly the same amount, manage one property, but your take-home is significantly larger.
When you scale to 3-4 Scottsdale properties, you’re looking at $80,000-$170,000 in annual profit. That’s a full-time income from properties you don’t own, in a market with six months of peak demand and a regulatory environment that protects your right to operate.
Top 5 Neighborhoods for Rental Arbitrage in Scottsdale
Location within Scottsdale matters enormously. A property two miles from Old Town will outperform a comparable listing in far North Scottsdale for most of the year (spring training season being the exception). Here are the five neighborhoods I’d target first.
1. Old Town Scottsdale
The epicenter of Scottsdale tourism. Walkable to restaurants, galleries, nightlife, and the Scottsdale Fashion Square. This is where bachelorette parties, couples’ getaways, and weekend tourists want to be.
- Typical rent (2-3BR): $2,200-$3,400/mo
- Peak ADR: $300-$500/night
- Annual STR revenue potential: $65,000-$90,000
- Best for: Weekend getaways, bachelorette groups, nightlife proximity
- Watch out for: HOA restrictions in condo complexes, higher competition among listings
2. North Scottsdale (DC Ranch / Grayhawk Area)
Upscale family-friendly neighborhoods with larger homes, mountain views, and proximity to Kierland and Scottsdale Quarter shopping. Spring training facilities are nearby (Salt River Fields at Talking Stick).
- Typical rent (3-4BR): $2,800-$4,200/mo
- Peak ADR: $350-$650/night
- Annual STR revenue potential: $70,000-$110,000
- Best for: Families, golf groups, corporate retreats, spring training visitors
- Watch out for: Longer drive to Old Town, some HOAs restrict or prohibit STRs entirely
3. McCormick Ranch
Established community with lakes, golf courses, and a central Scottsdale location. Great walkability score for Scottsdale standards, and close to both Old Town and the 101 freeway for easy access to the entire metro.
- Typical rent (3BR): $2,400-$3,200/mo
- Peak ADR: $275-$450/night
- Annual STR revenue potential: $58,000-$82,000
- Best for: Snowbirds, golf tourists, couples seeking quiet luxury, 30-day+ stays
- Watch out for: Some older homes need cosmetic updating to command top dollar in listings
4. Arcadia (Scottsdale-Adjacent)
Technically straddling Scottsdale and Phoenix, Arcadia is a trendy neighborhood near Camelback Mountain with upscale dining and boutique shopping. Younger demographic, Instagram-worthy properties with mid-century modern appeal.
- Typical rent (2-3BR): $2,100-$3,000/mo
- Peak ADR: $250-$400/night
- Annual STR revenue potential: $52,000-$75,000
- Best for: Couples, health/wellness travelers, Camelback Mountain hikers, foodies
- Watch out for: Verify you’re in Scottsdale city limits for tax and registration purposes; some Arcadia addresses are technically Phoenix
5. Gainey Ranch
A master-planned luxury community with its own golf course, tennis facilities, and a country club atmosphere. Properties here attract high-end guests who want resort-level privacy without the resort price tag.
- Typical rent (3-4BR): $3,200-$5,000/mo
- Peak ADR: $400-$700/night
- Annual STR revenue potential: $80,000-$120,000+
- Best for: Luxury travelers, corporate executives, golf groups with higher budgets
- Watch out for: Higher startup costs, HOA scrutiny is intense, furnishing must be impeccable to match community standards
Scottsdale STR Regulations: Arizona’s Host-Friendly Framework
Here’s where Scottsdale really shines compared to markets like Miami or San Antonio — Arizona state law (SB 1350, passed in 2016) explicitly prohibits cities from banning short-term rentals. This is state preemption, and it means Scottsdale cannot outlaw your Airbnb operation.
That said, Arizona did pass HB 2672 in 2022, which gives cities limited regulatory power over STRs. Here’s what you actually need to know as an operator:
What’s Required
- Transaction Privilege Tax (TPT) License — Register with the Arizona Department of Revenue. You’ll collect and remit state + county + city taxes on all bookings (total ~12.57% in Scottsdale). Airbnb and VRBO collect most of this automatically, but verify your account settings
- City of Scottsdale STR Registration — Scottsdale requires all STR operators to register with the city. It’s a straightforward online process with a small annual fee
- Contact information posted — You must provide a local contact person who can respond within one hour to complaints or emergencies
- Occupancy limits — Arizona law allows cities to enforce occupancy limits. Scottsdale enforces the standard of 2 persons per bedroom plus 2 additional guests
- No “party house” operations — Cities can penalize properties that generate verified noise and nuisance complaints. Three verified violations can result in license revocation and fines up to $3,500 per violation
What’s NOT Restricted
- Scottsdale cannot ban STRs in any residential zone
- No minimum stay requirements imposed by the city
- No cap on the number of STR licenses issued
- No requirement for the owner/operator to live on-site or even in the state
- No limit on how many STR properties one person can operate
This regulatory environment is a massive competitive advantage. While operators in cities like Charlotte and other heavily regulated markets deal with permitting headaches, zoning restrictions, and annual license lotteries, Scottsdale operators can focus on what actually matters: running a great STR business.
For the full breakdown of Arizona’s STR-friendly laws and how they compare to other states, check out our guide on Airbnb regulations by state. Arizona consistently ranks as one of the easiest states to start an Airbnb business in, and Scottsdale specifically benefits from this framework.
You can find the official Scottsdale STR registration requirements on the City of Scottsdale website.
Landlord Culture and Negotiation Tips in Scottsdale
Scottsdale has a distinct landlord landscape that you need to understand before approaching property owners. The biggest variable here isn’t the landlord themselves — it’s the HOA.
The HOA Factor
A significant percentage of Scottsdale rental properties sit within HOA-governed communities. Some HOAs explicitly prohibit short-term rentals. Others allow them with restrictions (minimum 30-day stays, registration requirements, guest parking rules). And some have no restrictions at all.
Your due diligence process must include:
- Getting a copy of the CC&Rs (Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions) before signing any lease
- Searching for STR-specific language — look for “short-term,” “transient,” “vacation rental,” and minimum lease terms
- Calling the HOA management company directly to ask about current STR policies
- Checking if any current Airbnb listings already operate within that same community (search by location on Airbnb)
- Asking the landlord directly if they’ve had previous tenants operating STRs — their reaction tells you a lot
Landlord Pitch Script for Scottsdale
Scottsdale landlords are generally more sophisticated than average — many are real estate investors themselves who understand the STR market. Your pitch needs to reflect that sophistication. Here’s a framework I’ve seen work consistently:
“Hi [Landlord Name], I operate a professional hospitality company managing furnished residences here in Scottsdale. I’m looking for a long-term lease — 12 to 24 months minimum — and I’d like to discuss how I can add value to your property beyond a traditional tenant.
I furnish properties to a high standard, carry $1M in commercial liability insurance, perform regular professional cleaning 8-12 times monthly, and handle all maintenance proactively. My properties consistently receive 4.9+ star reviews. I’m happy to offer a higher security deposit, provide monthly property condition reports with photos, and add you as an additional insured on my policy.
Would you be open to discussing this further?”
Key selling points for Scottsdale landlords specifically:
- Higher security deposit (offer 2x the standard — $5,600-8,400 shows you’re serious)
- Professional property management with documented maintenance and photo reports
- No wear-and-tear from a single long-term tenant — properties are professionally cleaned 8-12 times per month, far more than any traditional renter would clean
- Offer to share guest reviews monthly so they can see how their property is being maintained and appreciated
- Willingness to sign longer leases of 18-24 months — landlords love guaranteed income stability
- Noise monitoring devices (like NoiseAware or Minut) installed at your expense to protect the neighborhood relationship
One final tip: many Scottsdale landlords have tried STRs themselves and stopped because it was too much work. Position yourself as the professional solution to a problem they already understand. “I do the work you didn’t want to do” is a powerful frame.
Startup Costs for Scottsdale Rental Arbitrage
I’ll be straight with you — Scottsdale is not a cheap market to launch in. The guests who book $300+/night properties expect a certain level of finish. Walmart furniture and IKEA basics won’t cut it here. But the returns justify the investment if you do it right.
| Expense Category | Budget Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| First/Last Month Rent + Deposit | $7,000-$12,000 | Scottsdale landlords often require larger deposits for STR tenants |
| Furniture & Decor (3BR) | $8,000-$15,000 | Desert modern aesthetic performs best. Quality matters here |
| Kitchen & Dining | $800-$1,500 | Full place settings for 8, quality cookware, espresso machine, coffee bar |
| Linens & Towels | $600-$1,200 | Hotel-quality white linens, pool towels essential in this market |
| Pool/Patio Furnishing | $1,500-$4,000 | Pool floats, loungers, outdoor dining set, fire pit. THIS sells Scottsdale listings |
| Photography | $300-$500 | Professional photos are mandatory. Drone shots of pool/backyard are worth every penny |
| Smart Home Tech | $400-$800 | Smart locks, thermostat, noise monitor (many HOAs now require noise monitoring) |
| STR Insurance | $150-$250/mo | Proper commercial STR policy from Proper or CBIZ, not standard renters insurance |
| Business Formation (LLC) | $200-$500 | Arizona LLC filing + operating agreement. Protect yourself legally from day one |
| Initial Supplies | $300-$500 | Premium toiletries, cleaning supplies, welcome basket with local treats |
| Total Startup (3BR) | $19,250-$36,250 | Plan for $25K as a realistic middle ground for this market |
Yes, that’s higher than the $10-15K you might spend launching in a mid-tier market. But remember the revenue potential — a well-run 3BR in McCormick Ranch or North Scottsdale can generate $6,000-8,000+/month. You’re looking at a 4-6 month payback period on your initial investment, which is excellent for any business. For a detailed cost breakdown framework that you can adapt, see our Orlando arbitrage guide — the category structure applies with Scottsdale-specific price adjustments.
Where NOT to Cut Corners in Scottsdale
- Pool and patio — 70%+ of Scottsdale guests filter for pool access. Your outdoor space is your listing’s hero image and primary booking driver
- Photography — Professional photos with twilight pool shots and aerial drone images will 2x your booking rate versus iPhone photos
- Mattresses — Invest in quality memory foam or hybrid mattresses. A bad night’s sleep guarantees a bad review in the luxury segment
- Cooling system — Scottsdale summers hit 110-118°F regularly. If the AC unit is undersized or struggling, you’ll get destroyed in reviews from June through September. Verify the HVAC can handle peak summer before signing the lease
- Desert landscaping touches — A few potted succulents, a local art piece, and a curated “Scottsdale guide” binder create the luxury feel guests are paying for. Details matter in this price bracket
Seasonal Demand Calendar: When Scottsdale STRs Print Money
Understanding Scottsdale’s demand cycle is critical for revenue forecasting and pricing strategy. This isn’t a flat-demand market — it has dramatic peaks you need to plan around and capitalize on.
Peak Season (October – April): The Money Months
| Event / Driver | Timing | ADR Impact | Booking Window |
|---|---|---|---|
| Snowbird Arrivals | October – November | +25-40% above baseline | 30-90 days out |
| Barrett-Jackson Auto Auction | Mid-January (1 week) | +60-100% | 60-120 days out |
| WM Phoenix Open | Late Jan / Early Feb (1 week) | +80-150% | 90-180 days out |
| Super Bowl (when in AZ) | February (periodic) | +200-400% | 6-12 months out |
| Spring Training | Mid-Feb through March | +40-70% | 30-90 days out |
| Scottsdale Arts Festival | March | +20-35% | 14-45 days out |
| Golf Season Peak | November – April | +30-50% sustained | Ongoing |
During the WM Phoenix Open, I’ve seen 2-bedroom condos in Old Town book for $450-700/night — properties that normally go for $180-250. That single week can generate $3,000-5,000 in revenue. Barrett-Jackson is nearly as strong, pulling in car collectors and enthusiasts from around the world who are happy to spend on premium accommodations.
The snowbird season is your bread and butter, though. It’s not flashy like event weeks, but six consecutive months of 70-85% occupancy at elevated rates is where the real profit accumulates. Many snowbirds book 30-60 day stays, which means fewer turnovers, lower cleaning costs, and consistent cash flow.
Shoulder Season (May, September): Transition Months
Still bookable and still profitable. May brings the tail end of golf season and early summer visitors testing the desert heat. September marks the return of snowbird scouts and the start of fall events. ADR drops 15-25% from peak but occupancy stays in the 50-60% range. These months bridge the gap and keep your revenue above the breakeven line comfortably.
Summer (June – August): The Low Season Strategy
Let’s be honest — Scottsdale summers are brutal. Daily highs of 105-115°F keep most traditional visitors away. But “low season” doesn’t mean “no season” if you adjust your approach. Here’s how smart operators handle it:
- Drop rates 30-40% to attract budget-conscious travelers and “heat seekers” who want cheap luxury experiences
- Target 30-day+ stays from traveling nurses, remote workers doing summer relocations, and corporate project teams
- Highlight pool and AC — your property becomes an indoor/pool-focused retreat where guests lounge by the water and enjoy air-conditioned comfort
- Market to international travelers from Europe, Australia, and Asia for whom 110°F is a novelty rather than a deterrent, and the low rates make Scottsdale an unexpected bargain
- Consider “summer rate” packages — weekly discounts that still cover your expenses plus modest profit while maintaining occupancy
Even in July and August, a well-priced Scottsdale listing with a private pool can pull 40-50% occupancy at $150-200/night. That’s $1,800-3,000/month — enough to cover rent and expenses while you wait for the October surge to begin.
How 10XBNB Students Succeed With Rental Arbitrage in Scottsdale
Scottsdale is one of those markets where the difference between a $40K/year property and a $90K/year property comes down entirely to execution — your listing quality, pricing strategy, guest communication, and operational systems. The arbitrage model itself is straightforward. The execution is where most people either thrive or fail.
That’s exactly what the 10XBNB program is built to solve. Our students don’t just learn the theory of rental arbitrage — they get the exact frameworks, scripts, templates, and systems to launch and scale in competitive luxury markets like Scottsdale.
What You’ll Get Inside the Program
- Market analysis framework — The exact process for identifying profitable Scottsdale neighborhoods and running the rent-to-revenue math before you sign a lease
- Landlord negotiation scripts — Proven pitch scripts tested across 500+ landlord conversations, including HOA-specific language designed for Scottsdale’s condo and community landscape
- Furnishing and design playbook — How to create a 5-star listing on a budget, including vendor lists and desert-aesthetic design guides that Scottsdale guests expect
- Dynamic pricing mastery — Set-and-forget pricing systems that automatically capture WM Phoenix Open premiums, spring training surges, and maintain summer occupancy
- Operations and automation — Guest messaging templates, cleaning team management, maintenance protocols — everything you need to run your Scottsdale STR hands-off
- Scaling systems — How to go from 1 property to 5, 10, or 20 without burning out or sacrificing guest experience quality
Students in the Phoenix/Scottsdale metro have launched profitable arbitrage operations within 45-60 days of joining the program. The Scottsdale market rewards operators who execute at a high level — and that’s exactly what our program trains you to do.
Book a free strategy call to see if the 10XBNB program is the right fit for your Scottsdale arbitrage goals.
Frequently Asked Questions About Rental Arbitrage in Scottsdale
Is rental arbitrage legal in Scottsdale, Arizona?
Yes. Arizona’s SB 1350 (2016) prevents cities from banning short-term rentals in residential zones. Scottsdale requires STR registration and TPT tax collection, but the operation itself is fully legal. The state is one of the most STR-friendly in the country. Check HOA restrictions on your specific property, though, as some communities do restrict or prohibit STRs through their CC&Rs — which are enforceable even when city law allows STRs.
How much can I make with rental arbitrage in Scottsdale?
A well-managed 3-bedroom property in a prime Scottsdale neighborhood can generate $62,000-$95,000+ in annual gross revenue. After expenses (rent, utilities, cleaning, supplies, insurance), net profit typically ranges from $24,000 to $45,000 per property per year. Peak season (January through March) can account for 35-40% of your total annual revenue, with WM Phoenix Open week alone generating $3,000-5,000.
What are the best areas in Scottsdale for Airbnb arbitrage?
Old Town Scottsdale offers the highest occupancy due to walkable nightlife and dining. North Scottsdale (DC Ranch, Grayhawk) commands the highest nightly rates with larger luxury homes. McCormick Ranch provides the best balance of moderate rent and strong ADR. Gainey Ranch is premium luxury with the highest revenue ceiling but requires the most capital. Arcadia works well for wellness and hiking-focused guests who want proximity to Camelback Mountain.
Do I need landlord permission for rental arbitrage in Scottsdale?
Absolutely. Operating an STR without your landlord’s knowledge violates most standard lease agreements and can result in eviction. Always negotiate STR permission upfront and get it in writing as a lease addendum. Transparency builds trust and protects your business long-term. Review our rental arbitrage pros and cons guide for more on managing landlord relationships effectively.
How do Scottsdale HOAs affect rental arbitrage?
HOAs are the biggest operational variable in Scottsdale. Many communities allow STRs with no restrictions, but some prohibit stays under 30 days or ban short-term rentals entirely through their CC&Rs. Always request and review the complete CC&Rs before signing a lease. Call the HOA management company directly to confirm their current policy — CC&Rs can be amended by community vote, and the latest version may differ from what your landlord has on file.
What taxes do I pay on Scottsdale STR income?
You’ll need a Transaction Privilege Tax (TPT) license from the Arizona Department of Revenue. The combined state, county, and city tax rate in Scottsdale is approximately 12.57%. Airbnb and VRBO collect and remit most of these taxes automatically for bookings made through their platforms, but you’re responsible for verifying compliance and filing monthly returns. You’ll also report STR income on your federal and state tax returns as business income — consult with a CPA familiar with IRS rental income reporting requirements.
Is Scottsdale STR arbitrage worth the higher startup costs?
For operators willing to invest $20,000-$30,000 upfront, Scottsdale offers some of the strongest ROI in the Southwest. The higher startup cost is offset by ADRs that are 60-90% above the Phoenix metro average and a peak season that runs a full six months from October through March. Most Scottsdale arbitrage operators recoup their initial investment within 4-6 months of going live. The market rewards quality — invest in proper furnishing, professional photography, and guest experience details, and the revenue follows.












